Basic Important Points Needs to Remember For Every Fresher Site Engineer
Important IS Codes for Every Site Civil Engineer:
1. IS: 4082 Specifications for storage of Construction materials.
2. IS: 456 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete.
3. IS: 8112 Specifications for 43 grade OPC.
4. IS: 1489 Specifications for PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement).
5. IS: 9103 – Specifications for Concrete Admixtures.
6. IS: 383 – Specifications for fine & Coarse aggregate for concrete.
7. IS: 1786 – Reinforcement Steel - HYSD Re bars -(Physical & Chemical Properties)
8. IS: 2502 – BBS - Code for bending and fixing of bar reinforcement.
9. IS 4990 – Ply Boards for Shuttering Works
10. IS: 2212 – Code of Practice of Masonry work.
11. IS 1077 – Specification of Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks
12. IS 1661 – Internal Walls & Ceiling Plaster Works
13. IS 2402 – External Plaster Works OR Rendering Works
14. IS 2185 – Specification for AAC Block Works
15. IS: 1199 – Concrete Slump Test
16. IS 6313 – Anti- termite Treatment in Soil
17. IS: 516 – Methods of test for strength of concrete
18. IS 800 – General Construction In Steel - Code of Practice for MS Structural Works
19. IS 808 – Dimensions & Weight for Hot Rolled Steel Beam, Column, Channel and angle
20. IS 2720 Part 28 – Determination of dry density of soils, in-place, by the sand replacement.
21. IS 2720 Part 29 – Determination of Dry Density of Soils In-place by the Core-cutter
22. IS: 13415 – Safety protective barriers around construction site.
How to Read and Check Drawings : 
Drawings is the best ally of all civil engineers, if you are a fresher you have to read and understand all the drawings very carefully. Drawings helps a lot to gain your knowledge in all kind of major works.
Most important point - In the case of confusion in dimensions of drawings for layout OR co-ordination purpose always “Architectural Drawings Dimension’s” should be followed. As all relevant drawings are prepared based on submitted architectural drawings.
Hence all structural and other drawing need to be review / check with confirmation of architectural drawings prior to commencement of site works.
Setting out and Layout :
Masonry pillar to serve as a bench mark will be erected at a suitable point in the area, called as or ‘Burjis’ shall be made to indicate the correct formation levels marking and layout points prior to start works. All the Burjis are clearly visible from most of areas to use layout of site functions.
Basic Knowledge About Construction Materials :
Cement - Cement is by far the most important constituent of concrete, in that it forms the binding the discrete ingredients. There are 10 Type Cements are specified in IS codes, but following two types cement are generally used in Construction:
a) OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) – OPC are available in 3 Grades – 33 Grade, 43 Grade and 53 Grade. (33, 43, 53 are the compressive strength (N/mm2) of cement at 28 Days).
b) PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement) – It’s a blended cement by using of (Natural) Pozzolana / (Artificial) Fly ash in the manufacturing process of cement and PPC cement are available in 33 Grade.
Coarse Aggregate - Aggregate most of which is retained on 4.75 mm IS Sieve called as coarse aggregate and it available in three types as stone aggregate, gravel or brick aggregate.
Fine Aggregates - Aggregate most of which passes through 4.75 mm IS sieve is known as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand, crushed stone sand, crushed gravel sand stone dust or marble dust, fly ash.
Note: - The maximum quantity of silt in sand shall not exceed 8% by mass s for natural sand, crushed stone sand or crushed gravel sand.
Reinforcement Steel Bars - Steel reinforcement is commonly called as ‘rebars’. And we provide the steel bars in concrete for Tensile strength in RCC structure.
Why we provide Steel in Concrete - Concrete is a brittle material, with low tensile strength and strain capacities; hence, reinforcement has to be used to balance this deficiency.
Binding Wire – The binding wire is use to tie the steel bars at every intersection with two strands (wire) of annealed steel wire having dia 0.9 to 1.6 mm thickness, and consumption of binding wire is 1% of total quantity of steel. 10kg / MT.
Form work / Shuttering – Form work is a temporary forms or moulds required for forming the concrete. There are three type of formwork commonly used in construction works:
a) Conventional Form work – (Wood Ply + Battens)
b) Steel From Works
c) Systems Form works – Aluminum Formworks.
Ply Board & Battens for “Formwork / Shuttering” – Plywood Boards for concrete shuttering works is a BWP grade plywood and shall confirm to IS 4990 : 2011 , and available in thickness range available 4mm to 40mm, but commonly prefer to use having sizes 1200 x 2400 in 19mm thickness.
Battens are used for making of formwork sides / supports and made of 2nd Class Kail wood and Pinewood.
Bricks –Bricks shall conform to IS: 1077 having non modular size 225 × 111 × 70 mm (Class Designation 75kg/cm2) used in general masonry works and have a frog size 100 mm in length 40 mm in width and 10 mm to 20 mm deep on one of its flat sides. Following type of bricks regularly use in construction:
a) Common Burnt Clay Bricks
b) Fly Ash Bricks
c) AAC Blocks
Basic Knowledge about Concrete :
Concrete - The common ingredients of concrete are 1. Cement, 2. Coarse and Fine aggregates and 3. Water. A fourth ingredient called 'admixtures' in concrete.
PCC – Plain Cement Concrete having thickness 75mm to 100mm to use makes it uniform / flat bottom surface under the foundations to keep it protected from the soil also help for layout marking, It’s also called as lean concrete and grade of PCC preferred M 5 and M 7.5.
RCC – Reinforced cement concrete work may be cast-in-situ or Precast according to the nature of work and RCC work shall comprise of the Form work + Reinforcement + Concrete.
Note : Grades of concrete lower than M 15 are not to be used in reinforced concrete works and grades of concrete lower than M 30 are not to be used for pre OR post - stressed concrete works according IS code guidelines.
Grades of Concrete & Ratio :
In the designation of concrete mix M refers to the “mix” and the number to the specified compressive strength of 150 mm size cube at 28 days, expressed in N/mm
Note: These two grades, M 5 and M 7.5 is not mentioned in IS codes.
Nominal Mix Concrete - The nominal mix is the proportioning concrete mixes where all ingredients are fixed traditional basis and their proportions are specified in the ratio of cement to aggregates for the certain strength achievement.
Note: Nominal Mix Concrete used for concrete of upto M20 or lower grades.
Design Mix Concrete - Design Mix objective of proportioning concrete mixes is to arrive at the most economical and practical combinations of different ingredients to produce concrete that will satisfy the performance requirements under specified conditions of use and Concrete has to be of satisfactory quality both in its fresh and hardened states.
Process : Mixing shall be done for at least two minutes after adding water.
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